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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ampholyt</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ampholyte</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache">altgriechisch</a></span> <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek" style="font-style:normal">ἄμφω</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261937631">
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</style><span class="Latn" lang="grc-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">ampho</span> „beides zugleich“ und <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek">λύσις</span> <span class="Latn" lang="grc-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">lysis</span> „Auflösung“) oder <b>Säure-Base-Ampholyte</b> beziehungsweise <b>Säure-Base-<a href="Amphoter" title="Amphoter">Amphotere</a></b>, genannt auch <b>amphiprotische Verbindungen</b>, sind chemische Verbindungen, die sowohl als <a href="Br%C3%B8nsted-S%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted-Säure">Brønsted-Säure</a> als auch als <a href="Br%C3%B8nsted-Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted-Base">Brønsted-Base</a> reagieren können. Dieses Verhalten bezeichnet man auch als <i>Säure-Base-Amphoterie</i>. Amphotere können sowohl Protonen aufnehmen als auch abgeben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Die Wasserlöslichkeit der Ampholyte hängt stark vom pH-Wert ab. Manche Ampholyte <a href="Chemische_Reaktion" title="Chemische Reaktion">reagieren</a> mit sich selbst, das bekannteste Beispiel dafür ist <a href="Wasser" title="Wasser">Wasser</a>. Es reagiert mit Säuren zu <a href="Oxonium" title="Oxonium">H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></a> oder mit Basen zu <a href="Hydroxidion" title="Hydroxidion">OH<sup>−</sup></a>, dieses Verhalten zeigt sich auch in reinem Wasser als <a href="Autoprotolyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoprotolyse">Autoprotolyse</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0783c52158123b6f4ca332ff34da72e7bc4b9de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.143ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ H_{2}O\ \rightleftharpoons \ H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele_für_Ampholyte"><span id="Beispiele_f.C3.BCr_Ampholyte"></span>Beispiele für Ampholyte</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbindungen,_die_zur_Autoprotolyse_neigen"><span id="Verbindungen.2C_die_zur_Autoprotolyse_neigen"></span>Verbindungen, die zur Autoprotolyse neigen</h3></div>
<p>Beispiele (Autoprotolysekonstanten pK<sub>au</sub> nach<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>):
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Wasser" title="Wasser">Wasser</a> H<sub>2</sub>O (pK<sub>au</sub>=14)</li>
<li><a href="Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">Ammoniak</a> NH<sub>3</sub> (pK<sub>au</sub>=29 bei −50 °C)</li>
<li><a href="Schwefels%C3%A4ure" title="Schwefelsäure">Schwefelsäure</a> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (pK<sub>au</sub>=3,85)</li>
<li><a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Essigsäure</a> CH<sub>3</sub>COOH (pK<sub>au</sub>=12,6 bei 24 °C)</li>
<li><a href="Ameisens%C3%A4ure" title="Ameisensäure">Ameisensäure</a> HCOOH (pK<sub>au</sub>=6,2)</li>
<li><a href="Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> CH<sub>3</sub>OH (pK<sub>au</sub>=16,9)</li>
<li><a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (pK<sub>au</sub>=19,5)</li>
<li><a href="Fluorwasserstoff" title="Fluorwasserstoff">Fluorwasserstoff</a> HF (pK<sub>au</sub>=10,7 bei 0 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Die angegebenen Autoprotolysekonstanten entsprechen dem negativen dekadischen Logarithmus (s. a. <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Wert</a>) des <a href="Ionenprodukt" title="Ionenprodukt">Ionenprodukts</a> der Stoffe. Mit steigender Temperatur nimmt das Ausmaß der Autoprotolyse für gewöhnlich zu.
</p><p><b>Reaktionsbeispiel</b>: Wasser
</p><p>Reagiert mit Säure als Base:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}O\longrightarrow H_{3}O^{+}+Cl^{-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}O\longrightarrow H_{3}O^{+}+Cl^{-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d22ec968793a2b52234c3b86e6df363106af7bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.402ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}O\longrightarrow H_{3}O^{+}+Cl^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Reagiert mit Base als Säure:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5a73dd5b547ee32e967f1c381bd5baaf4317981.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.982ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teilweise_deprotonierte_mehrprotonige_Säuren"><span id="Teilweise_deprotonierte_mehrprotonige_S.C3.A4uren"></span>Teilweise deprotonierte mehrprotonige Säuren</h3></div>
<p>Beispiele:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Hydrogenphosphat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenphosphat">Monohydrogenphosphat</a> HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></li>
<li><a href="Dihydrogenphosphat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrogenphosphat">Dihydrogenphosphat</a> H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup></li>
<li><a href="Hydrogensulfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogensulfat">Hydrogensulfat</a> HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup></li>
<li><a href="Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Hydrogencarbonat</a> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></li></ul>
<p><b>Reaktionsbeispiel</b>: Dihydrogenphosphat
</p><p>Reagiert mit Säure als Base:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\longrightarrow H_{3}PO_{4}+Cl^{-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\longrightarrow H_{3}PO_{4}+Cl^{-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/655eb7b8a2170d66cae14b42585ad5d24ba3801d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.622ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\longrightarrow H_{3}PO_{4}+Cl^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Reagiert mit Base als Säure:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\longrightarrow NH_{4}^{+}+HPO_{4}^{2-}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\longrightarrow NH_{4}^{+}+HPO_{4}^{2-}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42f59eade2a03e64a9bdfe9989efaf5fb0adc7e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.48ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{3}+H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}\longrightarrow NH_{4}^{+}+HPO_{4}^{2-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teilweise_protonierte_mehrwertige_Basen">Teilweise protonierte mehrwertige Basen</h3></div>
<p>Beispiele:
</p>
<ul><li>basisches <a href="Magnesiumchlorid" title="Magnesiumchlorid">Magnesiumchlorid</a> Mg(OH)Cl bzw. Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> Cl<sup>−</sup></li>
<li><a href="Hydrazin" title="Hydrazin">Hydrazin</a> Monohydrochlorid H<sub>2</sub>N-NH<sub>2</sub> · HCl bzw. H<sub>2</sub>N-NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> Cl<sup>−</sup></li></ul>
<p><b>Reaktionsbeispiel</b>: basisches Magnesiumchlorid
</p><p>Reagiert mit Säure als Base:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+Mg(OH)Cl\longrightarrow H_{2}O+MgCl_{2}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+Mg(OH)Cl\longrightarrow H_{2}O+MgCl_{2}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b3ac533d41ef89ccd4844e85131582cf95e26ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.102ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+Mg(OH)Cl\longrightarrow H_{2}O+MgCl_{2}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Reagiert mit Base als Säure:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Mg(OH)Cl+NaOH\longrightarrow NaCl+Mg(OH)_{2}} }">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Mg(OH)Cl+NaOH\longrightarrow NaCl+Mg(OH)_{2}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b796ec2dd7dbba9b6b291be840e93e005ad82f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.151ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Mg(OH)Cl+NaOH\longrightarrow NaCl+Mg(OH)_{2}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbindungen_mit_sauren_und_basischen_funktionellen_Gruppen">Verbindungen mit sauren und basischen funktionellen Gruppen</h3></div>
<p>Verbindungen mit mindestens je einer sauren und basischen <a href="Funktionelle_Gruppe" title="Funktionelle Gruppe">funktionellen Gruppen</a> sind ebenfalls amphotere Stoffe, so beispielsweise:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Aminos%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminosäure">Aminosäuren</a> mit ihren sauren <a href="Carboxygruppe" title="Carboxygruppe">Carboxygruppen</a> und basischen <a href="Aminogruppe" title="Aminogruppe">Aminogruppen</a> (und somit auch <a href="Peptid" title="Peptid">Peptide</a> und die meisten <a href="Protein" title="Protein">Proteine</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Zwitterion" title="Zwitterion">Zwitterionen</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Reaktionsbeispiel</b>: <a href="Glycin" title="Glycin">Glycin</a> (einfachste Aminosäure)
</p><p>Reagiert mit Säure als Base:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH\longrightarrow H_{3}N^{+}{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH+Cl^{-}} }">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH\longrightarrow H_{3}N^{+}{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH+Cl^{-}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3f917e9245d1a20747d211842a8485f4c890d25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:59.53ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCl+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH\longrightarrow H_{3}N^{+}{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH+Cl^{-}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Reagiert mit Base als Säure:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaOH+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH\longrightarrow H_{2}O+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COO^{-}+Na^{+}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaOH+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH\longrightarrow H_{2}O+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COO^{-}+Na^{+}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79738a251fdb3285cd1204425f321fcb71b7e4f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:68.203ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaOH+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH\longrightarrow H_{2}O+H_{2}N{-}CH_{2}{-}COO^{-}+Na^{+}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnen_des_Eigen-pH-Werts_von_Ampholyten">Berechnen des Eigen-pH-Werts von Ampholyten</h2></div>
<p>Löst man Ampholyte (mit zwei funktionellen Gruppen) in Wasser, so stellt sich ein mittlerer <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Wert</a> ein, der sich mit folgender (für nicht allzu starke Verdünnungen konzentrationsunabhängigen) Näherungsformel, auch „Ampholytgleichung“ genannt, berechnen lässt.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pH={\frac {1}{2}}\ (pK_{S1}+pK_{S2})={\frac {1}{2}}\ (pK_{S1}+14-pK_{B2})}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pH={\frac {1}{2}}\ (pK_{S1}+pK_{S2})={\frac {1}{2}}\ (pK_{S1}+14-pK_{B2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5e2042ce41287d29714c2435af43f968070ba7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:50.357ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pH={\frac {1}{2}}\ (pK_{S1}+pK_{S2})={\frac {1}{2}}\ (pK_{S1}+14-pK_{B2})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind pK<sub>S1</sub> und pK<sub>S2</sub> die <a href="S%C3%A4urekonstante" title="Säurekonstante">Säurekonstanten</a> (pK<sub>S</sub>-Werte) der jeweiligen Dissoziationsmöglichkeiten des Ampholyten.
</p><p><i>Elektrisch neutrale</i> Ampholyte, z. B. Aminosäuren, haben bei diesem pH-Wert außerdem die niedrigste Löslichkeit; sinkt oder steigt der pH-Wert, nimmt die Löslichkeit dagegen wieder zu, da mit der Ladung die <a href="Solvath%C3%BClle" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvathülle">Solvathülle</a> stabilisiert wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Dissoziation_(Chemie)" title="Dissoziation (Chemie)">Dissoziation (Chemie)</a></li>
<li><a href="Protolyse" title="Protolyse">Protolyse</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ampholyt" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Ampholyt">Wiktionary: Ampholyt</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Lothar_Kolditz" title="Lothar Kolditz">Lothar Kolditz</a>: <i>Anorganische Chemie.</i> Band 1. 2. Auflage. VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1983, S. 188.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekkehard Fluck: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in Die Theorie der Quantitativen Analyse</cite>. 4th ed Auflage. Dietrich Steinkopff, Heidelberg 1990, ISBN 978-3-662-42909-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-662-43196-2.pdf">springer.com</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 25. März 2025]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ampholyt&rft.au=Ekkehard+Fluck&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+Die+Theorie+der+Quantitativen+Analyse&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=4th+ed&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783662429099&rft.pages=22&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Dietrich+Steinkopff" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arnold_F._Holleman" title="Arnold F. Holleman">A. F. Holleman</a>, <a href="Egon_Wiberg" title="Egon Wiberg">E. Wiberg</a>, <a href="Nils_Wiberg" title="Nils Wiberg">N. Wiberg</a>: <i><a href="Holleman-Wiberg_Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" title="Holleman-Wiberg Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a>.</i> 101. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-11-012641-9, S. 457.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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